One great horned owl, stricken by a deadly disease, is still alive. The adult female has started to eat, behave and sound close to normal at the University of Minnesota's Raptor Center in St. Paul.
Still in quarantine, she is the only known wild raptor in Minnesota to recover from a particularly vicious outbreak of the bird flu, one of the worst in living memory.
"We are just very, very excited that one owl was able to survive this virus," said Victoria Hall, the center's executive director.
The bird's recovery is a rare sign of hope for what is happening in the wild as the strain of influenza has proved nearly always fatal to owls, eagles, hawks and other raptors. Originating in Europe, the bird flu outbreak is unprecedented in size, scope and harm done to wild birds as it spreads in the United States. The virus poses little threat to humans.
Minnesota's last great bird flu outbreak in 2015 devastated poultry farms and backyard chickens but never caused significant die-offs in the wild. This spring, poultry farms are again suffering huge losses, but the widespread deaths of wild birds are a new phenomenon.
The Raptor Center alone has confirmed 16 owls, 13 bald eagles and seven red-tailed hawks have died of the virus. It killed an entire nesting family of great horned owls that had become something of local celebrities near Lake Nokomis in Minneapolis.
"It always gets your attention when you lose a breeding pair like that," Hall said. "It makes you question the impact it has on the population."
Most raptors with the virus show clear signs of suffering: constant seizures, screeches of discomfort and trouble sitting up or moving. The owl that survived, however, showed much milder symptoms, Hall said.
She was clearly ill, wouldn't fly and allowed herself to be picked up off the ground by hand. But the owl had no seizures or more severe symptoms. Hall said it may be that she was never exposed to a high dose of the virus or that something in her genetics made her strong enough to fight off the illness.
Some form of the virus, usually a less contagious strain, is almost always present in waterfowl. The virus evolved with ducks and geese and rarely harms them or spreads to other animals. But occasionally, a particularly contagious and damaging strain emerges, said Michelle Carstensen, wildlife health program supervisor for the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
The virus spreads between different populations of ducks and geese as they migrate, traveling from Europe to Nova Scotia to the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico to the Upper Midwest. It spreads to the owls, hawks and eagles that eat them. The virus is most potent in the spring, when the cool and wet weather allows it to survive in feces and carcasses. Scavengers, or even the soles of shoes, take it to chicken coops and turkey farms. Outbreaks typically subside in the summer, when the weather is warm and dry, and the virus can't survive outside of a host nearly as long, Carstensen said.
It's impossible to quantify the toll on wildlife populations, she said.
"It's a hard question to ask when we're still in the middle of it," Carstensen said. "We know it's more lethal than the outbreak in 2015, but it's early and we just don't know population-level effects."
There have been confirmed die-offs in 28 states, which include cases of five birds found dead together to several hundred. It has been particularly hard on bald eagles and owls, and unusually deadly to snow geese, Carstensen said.
In the past month, bird flu has spread to about 40 livestock operations in Minnesota, killing about 2 million domestic birds, either directly or from depopulation once a flock was infected.
The state and federal governments are working to make those farmers whole, Gov. Tim Walz said Tuesday in Willmar, Minn., at an event to highlight the state's response.
"We knew this was coming. We saw it show up on the East Coast and knew it was a matter of time before it came here," Walz said. "These producers, these chicken and turkey farms are a huge part of Minnesota's economy and a big part culturally of who we are."
Seventeen of the injured or sick birds being cared for at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Minnesota in Roseville have tested positive for the virus.
"We've been fielding so many calls about dead eagles I can't begin to tell you," said Tami Vogel, spokeswoman for the Rehabilitation Center. "People are finding dead wood ducks in their yard, and people are going on a walk and seeing a goose lying in the street."
Ominously, it hasn't just been waterfowl and raptors that have been testing positive, Vogel said. An injured kingfisher, brought to the center after getting stuck inside a Minneapolis parking ramp, had bird flu.
"I don't think kingfisher was on anyone's radar as a susceptible species," Vogel said. "There are a lot of unknowns about this."
The scale of the outbreak has raised concerns that the virus is spreading beyond its typically linear passage of waterfowl to raptor and waterfowl to chicken. That uncertainty led to Hall and the Raptor Center recommending that people wait to fill their bird feeders until summer, in case songbirds are coming in contact with infected feces or carcasses and spreading the disease in the wild.
"There is just so much we don't know," Hall said. "We're thinking about things we can do that could help."
But songbirds are likely at very little risk of carrying the disease, according to Carstensen and the DNR. There have only been a handful of known bird flu cases in songbirds throughout history, she said.
"The risk of them carrying the virus isn't high, but it is certainly not impossible," she said. "Bird feeders are probably not very problematic."
People who see dead or dying birds are asked to call the DNR's hotline at 888-646-6367 so the birds can be tested or, at least, removed before scavengers potentially spread the virus.
