FERGUS FALLS, Minnesota — The U.S. soldiers called them "Caroline's guys." They transformed farms in a war zone — risking their lives for the program she built, sharing her belief that something as simple as apple trees could change the world.
The university-educated Afghans helped turn land in an overgrazed, drought-stricken and impoverished region in eastern Afghanistan into verdant gardens and orchards that still feed local families today.
In the process, the 12 agricultural specialists, all traditional Afghan men, formed a deep, unexpected bond with their boss, an American woman who worked as a U.S. Department of Agriculture adviser in the region for two years.
Now Caroline Clarin is trying to save them one by one, doing it all from the 1910 Minnesota farmhouse she shares with her wife, Sheril Raymond, drawing from retirement funds to help a group of men who share her love of farming.
Clarin has helped get five of her former employees and their families into the U.S. since 2017, while her wife has helped them rebuild their lives in America.
She's also supporting four families in Afghanistan — sending each family $400 a month — as well as helping eight families pay for passport fees at $300 a family. In Pakistan, she is supporting two families at $700 a month, and has spent hundreds of dollars on Pakistan visa fees at $400 each. The cost to do this work? "About $125,000," Clarin said.
Much of the money has come from donations, as news of her mission grows. In addition, Clarin has begun steps to create a nonprofit to support people in Afghanistan awaiting visas, as well as to support their education and job training in agriculture when they do finally get to leave.
"We've discovered that, if you just keep at it day to day, you can make progress," Clarin said.
After the Taliban seized power in August, texts from those remaining have grown more urgent and Clarin says she can "feel the panic increasing" as food shortages grow. She has stepped up her efforts, working endless hours, diligently tracking their visa applications. She calls senators to apply pressure so they don't languish like the thousands of other visa applications in the backlogged system for Afghans who supported the U.S. government during the long war.
Since U.S. forces withdrew, more than 70,000 Afghans have come to the United States and thousands are languishing at U.S. military bases as resettlement agencies struggle to keep up. Clarin knows she cannot save everyone, but she's determined to help those she can.
After she left Afghanistan in 2011, she was consumed by anger over her program being gutted as the U.S. government changed its priorities.
"When I got on the plane, it was like leaving my family on the helipad," she said. "I felt like I deserted them."
The most recent of her friends to escape was Ihsanullah Patan, a horticulturist who waited seven years for a special immigrant visa. After he texted her that two of his close friends had just been killed, Clarin withdrew $6,000 from a retirement fund to get him and his family on a commercial flight to Minnesota before the Taliban took control of the country last summer.
When Clarin picked them up at the airport in Minneapolis at midnight for the three-hour drive back to Fergus Falls, she was consumed with joy.
"It was like my son came home," she said.
Patan arrived in Minnesota with saffron, Afghan almonds, and 5 kilos (11 pounds) of Afghan green tea to share. He also gave Clarin and Raymond seeds of Afghanistan's tender leeks for their garden.
He was the first member to join Clarin's team after she was sent to Paktika province. A confident young university graduate, Patan spelled out what was needed in the region. It would become the basis of her program: Seeds, trees and the skills to plant gardens and orchards.
Patan considers Clarin and her wife family. His three sons and daughter call them their "aunties."
In fact, he's decided to live in nearby Fergus Falls, a town of 14,000, instead of moving to a larger city with an Afghan transplant community.
Surrounded by farmland stretching to the North Dakota border, the town's skyline is dominated by grain elevators and the spires of Bethlehem Lutheran Church, a reflection of the region's Scandinavian roots.
The only other Afghan family in town is his cousin's. Sami Massoodi, who has a degree in livestock management, also worked for Clarin's team in Afghanistan and arrived in 2017. He and his family lived on their farm before they got established in Fergus Falls.
"In Fergus Falls, they have really good people, really friendly people," Patan said as he drives his minivan down the tree-lined streets to pick up his 5-year-old daughter at a Head Start program.
It is a place where neighbors pay unannounced visits to say "hi" and people greet the postmaster by name. It is also staunchly Republican. Fergus Falls is the county seat of Otter Tail County, which voted twice for former President Donald Trump.
But people in town say friendships and family take precedence over political views, and there is broad empathy for the struggle of immigrants since many people's parents, grandparents or great-grandparents came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
Only months after they arrived, the Patan family already feels at home in large part because of Raymond. She helped enroll their kids in school, find a dentist for 9-year-old Sala's infected tooth, and sign up Patan for car insurance, something that was new for the 35-year-old.
She lined up English classes and state and federal services for new immigrants. She drove Patan an hour to the nearest testing site for a driver's license. After he failed twice because his English was not proficient enough, he asked if there was a test in his native Pashto language, like in Virginia and California. There wasn't. So Raymond found a site, another hour away, that would allow him to review his errors. On his third try, he passed.
Clarin has tracked down a sheep on Craigslist for Eid, while Raymond watched YouTube videos on how to slaughter livestock according to halal principles, since the closest halal butcher is an hour away in Fargo.
For Patan, they have been a comfort in a strange place.
"When we are going to their house, we feel like we went to Afghanistan and we are going to meet our close relatives," he said.
Yet he longs for his homeland, the family festivities. Patan's wife makes their traditional dishes still, like bolani Afghani, a fried, vegetable-filled flatbread that Clarin enjoyed with him in Afghanistan.
Over there, Patan and her team were the ones helping her feel at home. It was the longest she and Raymond had been apart since they started dating in 1988.
Raymond, who cares for the chickens, pigs and other animals on their farm, would do video calls often, staying online even after Clarin had fallen asleep.
Two years after Clarin returned, they married in August 2013, when same-sex marriage became legal in Minnesota.
Homosexuality is still widely seen as taboo and indecent in Afghanistan, where same-sex relations are illegal. Yet, none of the Afghan families have asked about their marriage or expressed judgment, the couple said.
Patan calls them his "sisters."
"We have a lot of respect for them," he said.
Fathers will tell it to their sons
Both Clarin and Patan speak passionately about farming, describing in detail how to get a good apple crop and ward off disease.
Clarin arranged for the U.S. military to take her team in convoys to remote areas to train farmers, empowering Afghans to teach each other skills. They lined canals to ensure clean water. They worked with farmers to plant trees and build stone barriers to control flooding. They distributed seeds to 1,200 families, who have since shared seeds with more people.
The program trained about 5,000 farmers in Paktika from 2009 to 2011. They provided growers hoop-houses, apple trees, pruning equipment and small grants. They taught farmers tangible solutions, including using buckets with drip lines to irrigate gardens and conserve water.
The Taliban tried to sabotage the trust they built with farmers, Clarin said. Once, an explosive blew up in a red bucket like the ones they used for irrigation.
Patan has stayed in contact with some of the farmers in Paktika and proudly shows photos on his iPhone of the tiny stems he distributed that are now trees several feet tall. One farmer texted him to say his harvest is feeding his family as millions of others in the country face severe hunger.
That offers some solace after seeing his homeland fall to the Taliban. It feels good to know his work left something lasting and that "the people can still benefit from it. We educated one generation and those fathers will tell it to their sons."
Patan misses his career back in Afghanistan. Most U.S. employers do not recognize degrees from Afghan universities, so he plans to return to school one day to earn a U.S. degree. Until then, he is working in a manufacturing job near his home.
And he still carries the trauma. When fireworks were shot off for Fourth of July this summer, Patan called his cousin in a panic and asked if Fergus Falls was being bombed.
Her days begin at 3 a.m.
Clarin has vowed to get all her guys out.
Since the Taliban took control of the country in August, she has been starting most days around 3 a.m., when she quietly makes her way to her basement office, hours before she heads to her job in Fergus Falls as a U.S. Department of Agriculture wetlands restoration engineer.
Stacks of passport photos, recommendation letters, visa applications and other paperwork cover the tables, her desk and the top of a freezer. Across the hall, Raymond has prepared a guest room for the next Afghan family they get out.
Besides the guys from her program still in Afghanistan, she is aiding other Afghans, including several women. Desperate pleas for help from more Afghans keep popping up in her phone as word spreads of her efforts.
"My sister said, 'You got your own little Underground Railroad in the basement,'" Clarin said.
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Patan, who speaks Dari and Pashto, translates documents for Clarin for the visa applications. He worries about his former colleagues, who remain his close friends.
"I hope that one day they can also come here and we will make a big Afghan kind-of-family over here," he said. "All of them want to come here to Fergus."
Star Tribune staff writer Gail Rosenblum contributed to this report.
To find out how to help Clarin's effort, e-mail her at afghansleftbehind2021@gmail.com.
