Michael Kevane, an economics professor in San Jose, Calif., didn't give a second thought to parking his 2005 Toyota Prius in his driveway one rainy evening recently.
But the next morning, when his son Elliot went to start up the car, "it sounded like a jackhammer," Kevane said. "The whole block could hear the noise."
The reason for the ruckus: A thief in the night had made off with the car's catalytic converter, a critical emissions-control device that contains precious metals more valuable than gold.
Two days later, Kevane's sister, Jean, who lives in Los Angeles, had the catalytic converter stolen from her 2003 Honda Accord LX.
"I thought, 'This can't be a coincidence,' " Kevane said.
It wasn't.
Stricter car emissions rules around the world — particularly in China, which has scrambled in recent years to get its dire air-pollution problem under control — have sent demand for the precious metals in catalytic converters surging. That has pushed up the asking price for some of the precious metals used in the device — such as palladium and rhodium — to record highs.
From about $500 an ounce five years ago, the price of palladium quintupled to hit a record of $2,875 an ounce last year, and is now hovering between $2,000 and $2,500 an ounce, above the price of gold. Rhodium prices have skyrocketed more than 3,000% from about $640 an ounce five years ago to a record $21,900 an ounce this year, roughly 12 times the price of gold.
The soaring prices may be accelerating the shift to electric cars, analysts said, noting that catalytic converters now make up a much larger proportion of a gasoline-powered vehicle's cost than they did even just a year ago.
The metals prices, in turn, are fueling a black market in stolen catalytic converters, which can be sawed off from the belly of a car in minutes and fetch several hundred dollars at a scrapyard, which then sells it to recyclers who extract the metals. These global trends in emissions regulations, metals markets and larceny appear to have converged that rainy night in Kevane's driveway.
Nationwide, including in the Twin Cities, police are reporting a surge in cases.
In St. Louis, catalytic converter thefts jumped more than eightfold, from 50 in 2019 to 420 last year, with the trend gaining speed near the end of the year into early 2021. In Lexington, S.C., sheriffs deputies responded to 144 catalytic converter thefts between July and December, nearly triple the number of cases over the year-earlier period.
Converter thefts in Wichita, Kan., also almost tripled in 2020 compared with the previous year, to 547 cases from 191, and the pace picked up in January, with 102 reported cases just that month.
"People are just trying to make ends meet. Then, all of a sudden, they have a $1,000 repair bill they didn't expect," said Sgt. Trevor McDonald of the Wichita police. "We've also seen this increase at a time we've seen a lot of job loss in the U.S."
The bottom line: "We have a finite number of detectives, and it appears right now we have an infinite number of cases," McDonald said.
Catalytic converters, the shiny bulbous contraptions found between a car's engine and the muffler, might seem like an unlikely target of a national crime wave. Required in all gasoline cars and trucks sold in the United States since 1975, the converters have a honeycomb-like interior — coated with precious metals like palladium, rhodium and platinum — that scrubs the worst toxic pollutants from the car's exhaust.
The presence of those metals has always made catalytic converters a target, and incidents of theft — which can set owners back $2,000 in repairs — go back years. But a global trend toward stricter tailpipe-emissions rules, as well as more rigorous enforcement after the Volkswagen emissions scandal, in which the automaker illicitly modified its vehicles' pollution controls to seem cleaner than they really were, has led to a surge in demand for higher-performance catalytic converters and the valuable metals that make them work.
Rhodium, in particular, is effective in reducing levels of nitrogen oxide from a gasoline car's tailpipe emissions. And "we've had a very steep step-up" in nitrogen oxide rules around the world, said Wilma Swarts, director of platinum group metals at the London-based precious metals research consulting firm Metals Focus.
About 80% of demand for palladium and rhodium now comes from the automotive sector. At the same time, the effects of the pandemic on mining in South Africa, a major producer of rhodium, has kept supply limited.
"This is why you've seen this very dramatic rise" in demand and prices, Swarts said.
For automakers, the metals boom has jacked up the cost of producing gasoline vehicles. Max Layton, a London-based commodity analyst at Citi, estimates that soaring metal prices added $18 billion to the global auto industry's production costs in 2019, gobbling up 15% of their total cash flow, and that those costs surged further in 2020.
At current prices, he said, the industry as a whole was set to spend more than $40 billion this year just on metals for catalytic converters. The escalating costs, Layton said, were "putting pressure on automakers to shift to battery electric vehicles as quickly as possible."
Some owners of gasoline vehicles are going to extremes to protect their vehicles.
After being hit with three converter thefts in quick succession last year, Jerry Turriff, proprietor of Jerry's Certified Service and Towing in Milwaukee, has resorted to deflating the tires of some of his customers' most at-risk vehicles to deter thieves from crawling underneath.
"It's unbelievable," Turriff said. "Now if I have a vehicle I think's going to be targeted, I take the air out the tires, so they can't slither underneath."
J.C. Fontanive, a sculptor in Brooklyn, bought a used 2008 Prius in the summer, spurred by concerns over taking public transportation during the pandemic. Then last month, he went to drive it to a friend's and "it sounds like NASCAR," he said.
Fontanive didn't have full auto insurance coverage, so he had to pay $3,200 out of pocket for a replacement and repairs — half the price he had paid for the car itself.
Determined to deter future thieves, Fontanive, who often uses metal in his artworks, drew on his metalworking skills. He bought an aftermarket metal guard for his catalytic converter, then made his own modifications, with security screws and hardened steel bell pins that would be hard to saw through.
"I really went overboard," he said. "If they look under my Prius now, they're just going to be like: 'No way.' "
